Chlorine is commonly available in three different forms: gaseous chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, and sodium hypochlorite, which are all used in chlorination.
Gas chlorine is typically packaged in 150 lb cylinders and 1-ton containers. This is 100% elemental chlorine stored as a liquified gas under pressure. The chlorine is fed to the process using a pressure feed system which applies the chlorine gas directly to the process or a vacuum operated - solution feed system which uses a water operated ejector to create a chlorine solution which is applied to the process.
Calcium hypochlorite is typically packaged as a solid tablet containing 60% active chlorine. The chlorine is fed to the process using a simple tablet feeder that passes the process water through a tube of tablets, causing the tablets to dissolve into the water. More sophisticated tablet systems dissolve the tablets in water making a solution of controlled chlorine concentration, which is then fed to the process using a chemical dosing pump.
Sodium hypochlorite is a liquid containing 12-15% active chlorine when fresh. Sodium hypochlorite is typically delivered to plant storage tanks by truck and applied to the process using chemical dosing pumps. With this form of chlorine, the concentration decays over time.
Caring for our community
Our Chesapeake Ranch Water Company (CRWC) owns and operates the potable-drinking-water system and fire protection for approximately 4,000 homes and businesses over five-square miles in scenic Lusby, Maryland. This community system supplies water to nearly 10,000 residents of Chesapeake Ranch Estates and an adjacent small retail section.
Though freshwater has traditionally been the primary vehicle for hydraulic fracturing well completion, a variety of stressors are driving exploration and production (E&P) companies to increase their use of produced water. These stressors include freshwater availability and use in E&P operations, increased costs associated with the acquisition of fresh water, and the costs and regulatory limits on the disposal of produced water.
There are various options available for Arsenic Removal ranging from ion exchange, activated alumina, reverse osmosis, coagulation/filtration, and, of course, adsorption. Today, we are going to walk you through the details of one of our favorite adsorption products, the SORB 33®.
In today’s credit-crunched, bottom-line-oriented economic environment, utilities in the water and wastewater sectors are scrapping plans to replace old equipment with new technologies and are looking for ways to improve existing equipment performance with system upgrades.
As exploration and production (E&P) companies continue to focus on improving the efficiency of water usage and disposal operations, operators are looking for opportunities to inexpensively treat produced water, as well as improve the use of treated-produced water for drilling and well completion activities.
What is chloramination?
Chloramination is a secondary disinfection process by which chlorine (Cl2) and ammonia (NH3) are combined to produce chloramines, a persistent disinfectant used to maintain a residual in a long distribution system . The residual chloramine aids in preventing post microbial growth in the distribution system.
Injection wells and drilling can be a quite confusing subject for those who are unfamiliar with oilfield operations. This short application spotlight is intended to provide readers with a brief overview of the terminology and processes associated with this subject.
According to the company’s website, American Water (AW) has been maintaining high-water-quality standards, dependable service, and finding ways to do it better since 1986. The country’s largest investor-owned water and wastewater utility company, AW serves the needs of 16 million customers in more than 1,600 communities across the United States. Arizona American Water, a wholly-owned subsidiary of America Water, is the largest investor-owned utility in Arizona, serving a population of approximately 350,000 in northwest Phoenix.
Arsenic is among the most well-known, most feared drinking-water contaminants, and for a good reason. If consumed, it can cause several severe symptoms and, in extreme cases, even death. But before we get into a detailed conversation about the adverse effects it can have on the human body, let's discuss how it reaches our source water in the first place.
